Fragile Families Essay -- Article Review, Family Policy

Fragile Families: Articles and How They Contribute to Family Policy This paper will review two articles pertaining to â€Å"fragile families† and assess how they help contribute to family policy. â€Å"Fragile families† are very pertinent to the core of family policy. In the 1990’s the term â€Å"fragile families† originated out of a need to describe families not fitting into the traditional married – unmarried couples with children (McLanahan, Garfinkel, Mincy, & Donahue, 2010). Over a 60 year period non-marital births of children increased significantly. In 1940, 4% of children born were to non-married parents. However, by 2007 this number reached a high of 40%. These families can be compromised of cohabitating couples, non-cohabitating couples, or single mothers (Kalil & Ryan, 2010). They are deemed â€Å"fragile† because they are more likely to experience difficulties economically and relationship wise. They tend to be more impoverished, experience material hardship, and have absent fathers. More importa ntly fragile families are of great concern because they often lack stability as a family unit. Yet, fragile families have become one of the new family types and seem to be a permanent structure steadily on the rise. Bogenschneider (2006) stated that one of the main underlying issues of the family policy debate is the conflicting ideas of families (types). These conflicts are evident when you look at the 3 perspectives with regard to family policy: Concerned, Sanguine, and Impatient. This is why there has been increased focus on this new type of family. One of the issues that need be assessed with regard to fragile families is mothers’ economic conditions and their support systems. (McLanahan et al., 2010). Kalil and Ryan (2010), discuss mot... ... Craigie, and Gunn, 2010). Second, address factors that place the child at risk such as a lack of parent involvement. Third, directly address children’s risk through early child hood education amongst other things. There are also policy changes that can be implemented with regard to mothers’ economic plights and the resources available to them. There should be a strengthening of community based programs that aid mothers and a focus on them working efficiently (Kalil & Ryan, 2010). Safety nets provided in the form of things such as food stamps need to be strengthened as well. Policies should support these resources and have an ultimate goal of economic self sufficiency for mothers in fragile families. The issues presented allow policy makers to be well informed of the possible risks associate with fragile families and the issues they face, especially economically.

The Unhealthy Chesapeake

The Unhealthy Chesapeake Life in the American wilderness was harsh. Diseases like malaria, dysentery, and typhoid killed many. Few people lived to 40 or 50 years. In the early days of colonies, women were so scarce that men fought over all of them. The Chesapeake region had fewer women and a 6:1 male to female ratio is a good guide. Few people knew any grandparents. A third of all brides in one Maryland county were already pregnant before the wedding (scandalous). Virginia, with 59,000 people, became the most populous colony. II. The Tobacco Economy The Chesapeake was very good for tobacco cultivation. Chesapeake Bay exported 1. 5 million pounds of tobacco yearly in the 1630s, and by 1700, that number had risen to 40 million pounds a year. More availability led to falling prices, and farmers still grew more. The headright system encouraged growth of the Chesapeake. Under this system, if an aristocrat sponsored an indentured servant’s passage to America, the aristocrat earned the right to purchase 50 acres land, undoubtedly at a cheap price. This meant land was being gobbled by the rich, and running out for the poor. Early on, most of the laborers were indentured servants. Life for them was hard, but there was hope at the end of seven years for freedom. Conditions were brutal, and in the later years, owners unwilling to free their servants extended their contracts by years for small mistakes. III. Frustrated Freemen and Bacon’s Rebellion By the late 1600s, there were lots of free, poor, landless, single men frustrated by the lack of money, land, work, and women. In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon led a few thousand of these men in a rebellion against the hostile conditions. These people wanted land and were resentful of Virginia governor William Berkeley’s friendly policies toward the Indians. Bacon’s men murderously attacked Indian settlements after Berkeley refused to retaliate for a series of savage Indian attacks on the frontier. Then, in the middle of his rebellion, Bacon suddenly died of disease, and Berkeley went on to crush the uprising. Still, Bacon’s legacy lived on, giving frustrated poor folks ideas to rebel, and so a bit of paranoia went on for some time afterwards. IV. Colonial Slavery In the 300 years following Columbus’ discovery of America, only about 400,000 of a total of 10 million African slaves were brought over to the United States. By 1680, though, many landowners were afraid of possibly mutinous white servants, by the mid 1680s, for the first time, black slaves outnumbered white servants among the plantation colonies’ new arrivals. After 1700, more and more slaves were imported, and in 1750, blacks accounted for nearly half of the Virginian population. Most of the slaves were from West Africa, from places like Senegal and Angola. Some of the earliest black slaves gained their freedom and some became slaveholders themselves. Eventually, to clear up issues on slave ownership, the slave codes made it so that slaves and their children would remain slaves to their masters for life (chattels), unless they were voluntarily freed. Some laws made teaching slaves to read a crime, and not even conversion to Christianity might qualify a slave for freedom. V. Africans in America Slave life in the Deep South was very tough, as rice growing was much harder than tobacco growing. Many blacks in America evolved their own languages, blending their native tongues with English. Blacks also contributed to music with instruments like the banjo and bongo drum. A few of the slaves became skilled artisans (i. e. carpenters, bricklayers and tanners), but most were relegated to sweaty work like clearing swamps and grubbing out trees. Revolts did occur. In 1712, a slave revolt in New York City cost the lives of a dozen whites and 21 Blacks were executed. In 1739, South Carolina blacks along the Stono River revolted and tried to march to Spanish Florida, but failed. VI. Southern Society A social gap appeared and began to widen. In Virginia, a clutch of extended clans (i. e. the Fitzhughs, the Lees, and the Washingtons) owned tracts and tracts of real estate and just about dominated the House of Burgesses. They came to be known as the First Families of Virginia (FFV). In Virginia, there was often a problem with drunkenness. The largest social group was the farmers. Few cities sprouted in the South, so schools and churches were slow to develop. VII. The New England Family In New England, there was clean water and cool temperatures, so disease was not as predominant as in the South. The first New England Puritans had an average life expectancy of 70 years. In contrast to the Chesapeake, the New Englanders tended to migrate as a family, instead of individually. Women usually married in their early twenties and gave birth every two years until menopause. A typical woman could expect to have ten babies and raise about eight of them. Death in childbirth was not uncommon. In the South, women usually had more power, since the Southern men typically died young and women could inherit the money, but in New England, the opposite was true. In New England, men didn’t have absolute power over their wives (as evidenced by the punishments of unruly husbands), but they did have much power over women. New England law was very severe and strict. For example, adulterous women had to wear the letter â€Å"A† on their bosoms if they were caught (as with The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne). VIII. Life in the New England Towns Life in New England was organized. New towns were legally chartered by colonial authorities. A town usually had a meetinghouse surrounded by houses and a village green. Towns of more than 50 families had to provide primary education. Towns of more than 100 had to provide secondary education. In 1636, Massachusetts Puritans established Harvard College to train men to become ministers. (Note: in 1693, Virginia established their first college, William and Mary. ) Puritans ran their own churches, and democracy in Congregational church government led logically to democracy in political government. IX. The Half-Way Covenant and the Salem Witch Trials As Puritans began to worry about their children and whether or not they would be as loyal and faithful, and new type of sermon came about called â€Å"jeremiads. In jeremiads, earnest preachers scolded parishioners for their waning piety in hope to improve faith. Paradoxically, troubled ministers announced a new formula for church membership in 1662, calling it the â€Å"Half-Way Covenant. † In the Half-Way Covenant, all people could come and participate in the church, even if they fell short of the â€Å"visible-saint† status and were somehow only half conv erted (with the exception of a few extremely hated groups). In the early 1690s, a group of Salem girls claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women. What followed was a hysterical witch-hunt that led to the executions of 20 people (19 of which were hanged, 1 pressed to death) and two dogs. Back in Europe, larger scale witch-hunts were already occurring. Witchcraft hysteria eventually ended in 1693. X. The New England Way of Life Due to the hard New England soil (or lack thereof), New Englanders became great traders. New England was also less ethnically mixed than its neighbors. The climate of New England encouraged diversified agriculture and industry. Black slavery was attempted, but didn’t work. It was unnecessary since New England was made of small farms rather than plantations as down South. Rivers were short and rapid. The Europeans in New England chastised the Indians for â€Å"wasting† the land, and felt a need to clear as much land for use as possible. Fishing became a very popular industry. It is said New England was built on â€Å"God and cod. † XI. The Early Settlers’ Days and Ways Early farmers usually rose at dawn and went to bed at dusk. Few events were done during the night unless they were â€Å"worth the candle. † Life was humble but comfortable, at least in accordance to the surroundings. The people who emigrated from Europe to America were most usually lower middle class citizens looking to have a better future in the New World. Because of the general sameness of class in America, laws against extravagances were sometimes passed, but as time passed, America grew. XII. Makers of America: From African to African-American Africans’ arrival into the New World brought new languages, music, and cuisines to America. Africans worked in the rice fields of South Carolina due to (a) their knowledge of the crop and (b) their resistance to disease (as compared to Indians). The first slaves were men; some eventually gained freedom. By 1740, large groups of African slaves lived together on plantations, where female slaves were expected to perform backbreaking labor and spin, weave, and sew. Most slaves became Christians, though many adopted elements from their native religions. Many African dances led to modern dances (i. e. the Charleston). Christian songs could also be code for the announcement of the arrival of a guide to freedom. Jazz is the most famous example of slave music entering mainstream culture

Analysis Of The Speech Praise Of Eros On Plato Symposium

Jose A. Nunez Introduction to Philosophy 1113 Professor Dr. Sarah Woolvine March 23rd, 2015. Tittle: Analysis of Speeches Given in Praise of Eros on Plato’ Symposium Among the ancient Greek philosophers, Plato was one of the greatest. Known for his remarkable philosophical works, Plato was born into a very prominent Athenian family, and he was expected to have a proliferous political career, but the political scene at that time made Plato devote himself instead to his philosophical inquiry, and teaching others about it. His passion for knowledge was limitless. He founded the Academy around 385 B.C., a very important educational institution that has served as prototype of the Western University System until today. Plato was one the Socrates’ greatest admirers. Socrates was a brilliant Greek philosopher at that time, whose philosophical works stand at the foundation of modern Western philosophy. Unfortunately, he never recorded his works. Nevertheless, most of our current knowledge about Socrates stems from Plato’s work. We find Plato’s thought mostly in the form of fictional dialogues, a very common literary style in ancient Greece. Most of these dialogues have Socrates as the protagonist, and primary interlocutor. Plato uses Socrates as a mouthpiece of his own views, and philosophical ideals. Undoubtedly, one of the most known Plato’s dialogues was Symposium. The word symposium itself means â€Å"drinking together,† or in other words, a drinking partyShow MoreRelatedBroken Family3761 Words   |  16 PagesMain interests: Epistemology, ethics Notable idea: SocraticMethod, Socratic irony Influenced: Most subsequent Western philosophy; more specifically, Plato, Aristotle, Aristippus, Antisthenes Spouse:Xanthippe Children:Menexenus, Lamprocles, Sophroniscus Aristotle Philosopher Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great â€Å"Personal background† Born: 384 BC Stagira, Chalcidice Died: 322 BC (aged 61 or 62) Euboea Nationality: Greek Era:

Were The Two Mutually Strange Civilizations - 2287 Words

â€Å"They were the two spearheads of the two mutually strange civilizations, confronting each other for the first time after centuries of separate history.† When the Spaniard’s first set foot into the Aztec Empire in 1519, Cortà ©s and Moctezuma’s confrontation revealed the inherent differences that existed between the two cultures. These two leaders examined each other and came to see that behind the two cultures lied centuries of separate history, and that on this day two alien planets had finally discovered each other. The Spaniard’s main advantages over the the Aztecs have been widely documented by western scholars as relating primarily to their possession of three thing: guns, germs and steel. Most historical narratives describe technologically advanced Spanish conquerors that brought with them from the â€Å"Old World† horses, steel and gunpowder, giving them an important upper hand against the Aztec warriors who bore stone-edge weapons. In addition, most scholars agree that tne of the most destructive factors were the germs that the Aztecs had never been exposed to. However, when the Spaniards came to conquer the Aztec Empire, one of the lesser known advantages that they had was the ability to understand this unfamiliar world. Unlike the Aztec king, Moctezuma, who had never seen Europeans, sailing ships, horses, steel blades, or body armor before, the Spanish conquistador, Cortà ©s, recognized the similarities between the Aztec Empire and his own world based on his experience withShow MoreRelatedThe Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Louis Stevenson Essay1468 Words   |  6 PagesThe Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Louis Stevenson In the strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Robert Louis Stevenson makes the reader question the extent to which Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde are in fact a single character. 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D. Kinds Of Programs Or User Needs Support - 1541 Words

D. Kinds of programs or user needs supported (research, instructional, recreational, general information, reference, etc.) The library offers a weekly storytime for babies to age 5 and one after school program a month for school age children between 5 and 10 years old. A Saturday afternoon book club and one after school program a month is offered for Tweens (ages 10-12). Two after school programs a month are offered for Teens ages 12 - 18. The public library staff visit all schools within the Ellsmore community once a month during lunch time to promote library programs. A Homeschool program occurs twice a month for all school age students (K - 12) not attending traditional classes. The library hosts two game nights a month with the program†¦show more content†¦E. General subject boundaries of the collection: The libraries collection includes print, non-print and electronic resources for children, young adults (YA) and adults. The majority of the collection is composed of nonfiction, biographies, fiction, graphic novels, large print, mystery, picture books, science fiction, and westerns with periodicals and audio visual materials being smaller sections. The size of the Ellsmore Public Library collection consists of approximately 80,000 items starting at the preschool level through adult. Patrons may request items for purchase by completing a form with item specific information including the title, author’s name, ISBN and date of release. The patron will be contacted regarding their request for additional details and to notify them if the purchase can be made or not. The local schools maintain their own library collections and, while the public library works together with the school media centers to support the needs of their students, the public library does not collect or maintain textbooks. II. General Priorities and Limitations Governing Selection Forms of materials to be collected or excluded. 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An Unforgettable Day Free Essays

I will never forget the day I passed my written driver exam and got my permit. The instructor just informed me that I passed and he was reviewing the junior driver restrictions with me as I was full of smiles. Meanwhile, I looked over at my dad and he was staring at his phone with a strange look. We will write a custom essay sample on An Unforgettable Day or any similar topic only for you Order Now The instructor and I just ignored him and went on with our own business. â€Å"Excuse me sir, but I must take this call†¦Ã¢â‚¬  my father rudely interrupted. I was so embarrassed because there were signs all over the DMV office that read, cell phones must be turned off. He opened his phone and said, â€Å"Hello? The look on his face was unforgettable as he turned as white as a ghost. My dad didn’t need to say one word in order for me to know something was wrong, his face said it for him. My first thought was that someone was in the hospital or had died. Although no one had died, little did I know that phone call was going to change my life forever. The call was from the North Middleton Fire Department and they informed my father that he needed to get to the house as soon as possible. My dad was about to shut his phone when suddenly I heard my sister on the phone. All I could hear was her crying hysterically and screaming â€Å"Fire†! I had one thought going through my head at that moment, and it was my niece, Myleeah. Did my sister get her out of the house in time? She was only six months old and I adored her more than anything in the entire world. We ran out of the DMV office both in complete shock. Needless to say, my dad was driving like Jeff Gordon at Daytona. At this point I didn’t even know how to prepare myself. The thought of my house burning to the ground didn’t seem to be real. I kept telling my dad it probably wasn’t even that bad and to stop driving like a crazy man. The drive from the DMV office to my house is only a fifteen minute drive, but it felt like forever. Finally after running red lights and driving off the side of the road, we were half a mile away from the house. All we could see was black smoke filling the sky and floating ashes. This is when reality hit me and I thought not only did I lose my home, but also my baby niece. I began to break down in tears and pray that everyone was safe. We finally pulled into my neighborhood which was full of fire trucks, police cars, and black ash. Since all the roads were blocked off, we jumped out of the running car and started running to the house. The police tried to stop my dad, but he zoomed right by them. I attempted to follow him but the police officer grabbed my arm. â€Å"Let go, that’s my house! † I screamed at the top of my lungs. I then eventually caught up with my dad in front of the raging fire and we stood there in surprise. It was a hot, dry, windy August day and there was nothing the fire fighters could do, but watch it burn. I finally found my sister sitting in our neighbor’s yard with black ash all over her. As I began to approach her, I didn’t see her baby, Myleeah. I froze about three feet in front of her and felt my legs go numb. Myleeah? † I said under my breath with sorrowfulness. I was thinking that she was in the house burning to death, and someone had to do something. When I got enough courage to walk up to my sister and ask where Myleeah was, she informed me that she was safe in our neighbor’s house. Hearing that she was safe was the happiest moment of my life. I was full of joy and relief. At that point I didn’t care about all my clothes, jewelry, shoes, and purses; I was just delighted to hear my family was safe! My father walked over and sat in between us and put his arms around my sister and me. We sat there in silence as all the ashes of our belongings gently landed on us like snowflakes. Having my sister and father next to me, I realized all I cared about and all I needed was my family. People always talk about life changing events and now I know exactly what that means. I always thought that nothing traumatic would ever happen in my life, but I was obviously completely wrong. Now when I hear about or see someone else facing a hardship, I see the same pain that I once felt. My house burning to the ground changed my life and taught me many life lessons that I will carry within myself forever. First it taught me that life is not about materialistic things and you never realize what you have until it is completely gone. The most important thing in life is having your family members by your side and I was extraordinarily grateful to be able to see my father, sister and niece that next day. A big part of life is about making it better and taking anything that crosses someone’s path as a learning experience. I also now understand many challenges will come my way, but how I handle these challenges is what will make me a better person. How to cite An Unforgettable Day, Essay examples

Dimensions Culture International Marketing â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Dimensions Culture International Marketing? Answer: Introduction Cultural understanding are important determinant for organisational success. Several researchers have studies and analysed cross-cultures in order to develop their scopes and understand them in great details(Hofstede, Geert hofstede., 2010). Geert Hofstedes developed powerful theory enduring which depicted national cultures or their differences. His findings reflects a number of dimensions with six distinct parameters that was used to determine cultures of nations. Though his findings had significant implications for management of diversified cultures across countries it had been refuted by many. Professor Brendan McSweeney refuted his views depicting sets of sub-cultures that occupied nations(Yoo, 2011). The scope of the current analysis provides a detailed insight into the myths for national cultures. Analysis Geert Hofstedes conducted a study of national cultures on power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long term orientation and indulgence. Countries across the world were rated and their individual scores were developed on basis of these parameters(McSweeney, The essentials of scholarship: A reply to Geert Hofstede, 2002). The study was a pioneer in the field of comprehensive cross-cultural studies. However, the study was based on several underlying assumptions hence had very little practical applicability. Professor Brendan McSweeney developed further on studies of Hofstede, stating that a nation comprises of various sub-cultures hence it is not possible to define cultures at a national level. He stated further that homogeneity amongst cultures of nations cannot exists and is only a myth(www.youtube.com, Retrieved on 17th September 2017). His development of subcultures were in connection to economic, political or historical influences. There were diversity am ongst various cultures within a country, hence accurate depiction of culture for a particular nation does not hold. He further added that Hofstedes view about national cultures were more theoretical in nature and had little practical application. He identified geographical differences within a country to be determining factors that affects cultures impacting an individual behaviors(Soares, 2007). Thus, he pointed out that national cultures can be signified as clusters of cub-culture that is obtained from individualistic norms. Conclusion Analysis of cultural views proposed by Geert Hofstedes and McSweeney states that the later had more compelling views which could be applied. McSweeneys views regarding national cultures are more practical and have been adopted by organizations and researchers for further studies. Reference Lists Hofstede, G. 2010. Geert hofstede. National cultural dimensions. Hofstede, G. 2010. 'Geert Hofstede.', National cultural dimensions. McSweeney, B. 2002. The essentials of scholarship: A reply to Geert Hofstede. Human relations, 55(11), 1363-1372. McSweeney, B. 2009. Dynamic diversity: variety and variation within countries. Organization Studies, 933-957. Soares, A. M. 2007. Hofstede's dimensions of culture in international marketing studies. . Journal of business research, 277-284. www.youtube.com. (Retrieved on 17th September 2017). McSweeney National Culture. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_l84Dj2eXY. Yoo, B. D. (2011). Measuring Hofstede's five dimensions of cultural values at the individual level: Development and validation of CVSCALE. . Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 23(3-4), 193-2